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Copyright estate of the artist
 Ernst, Max (1891 - 1976)
Germany

Coquilles Fleurs, 1929

Oil on canvas;
114.5 x 87.5 cm
Surrealism

UID 102-184



Biography

German painter, sculptor, and commercial designer, Ernst was one of the major contributors to the theory and practice of Surrealism. His work challenged and broke with what he considered the repressive aspects of European culture, particularly the Christian doctrine and the aesthetic and moral codes of Western academic art. Ernst had no formal education in the arts, but he did take several courses at Bonn University between 1909 and 1912. His early work was influenced by van Gogh, Campendonck, Macke, Robert Delaunay and the Italian Futurists. During the years he served in the German army (1914-18), he continued painting, following a semi-cubist and semi abstract path. In 1918, in Cologne, he founded a Dadaist group with Hans Arp and, in 1922, he settled in Paris co-founding André Breton's Surrealist group. He introduced and developed new art techniques like frottage, grattage and decalcomanie, which stimulated the fortuitous in the creative process. In the early 30s, he followed the ideas of the Surrealist Group, in particular the work of Breton and Dali. After 1933, the violent, threatening character of his work became more prominent, mainly as a reaction against the social and political climate of the time. During the 30s, Ernst's international reputation grew steadily and, in 1948, he became an American citizen when he settled in the United States, where he married Peggy Guggenheim. In 1953 he returned to Europe and, in 1958, acquired French citizenship. In 1954, he received the first prize at the Venice Biennale and, in 1975, major retrospective exhibitions of his work were held in New York and Paris.



Exhibitions

Max Ernst
Art Institute of Chicago, The, USA
01-06-1961 ~ 31-07-1961

Max Ernst
The Museum of Modern Art (MOMA, NY), USA
01-03-1961 ~ 31-05-1961

100 European Paintings and Drawings from the Collection of Mr. & Mrs. Leigh B. Block
National Gallery of Art, USA
01-05-1967 ~ 30-06-1967

Max Ernst
Tate - Britain, United Kingdom
01-09-1961 ~ 31-10-1961

O Surrealismo na Colecção Berardo - Estranho Desenho
Palácio da Galeria, Câmara Municipal de Tavira, Portugal
12-07-2003 ~ 14-09-2003

The Berardo Collection - A Voyage through the 20th Century
Sintra Museu de Arte Moderna - Colecção Berardo (SMAM-CB), Portugal
04-12-2004 ~ 30-04-2005

Colecção Berardo Collection 1917-1999
Centro Cultural de Belém (CCB), Portugal
27-01-2000 ~ 27-08-2000

Collection Berardo, Oeuvres Choisies du 20e Siècle
Musée des Beaux Arts de Lyon, France
05-10-2001 ~ 14-01-2002

100 European Paintings and Drawings from the Collection of Mr. & Mrs. Leigh B. Block
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, USA
01-09-1967 ~ 30-11-1967

Fernando Lemos and Surrealism - The Berardo Collection
Sintra Museu de Arte Moderna - Colecção Berardo (SMAM-CB), Portugal
26-11-2005 ~ 18-06-2006

Nova Apresentação da Colecção Berardo
Sintra Museu de Arte Moderna - Colecção Berardo (SMAM-CB), Portugal
08-11-1999 ~ 01-03-2000

Durante o Fim - Rui Chafes
Sintra Museu de Arte Moderna - Colecção Berardo (SMAM-CB), Portugal
15-10-2000 ~ 14-01-2001

O Surrealismo na Colecção Berardo - Estranho Desenho, Sintra
Sintra Museu de Arte Moderna - Colecção Berardo (SMAM-CB), Portugal
04-07-2001 ~ 30-06-2001

Erich Kahn - Forgotten Generation Jewish Survivor German Expressionist
Sintra Museu de Arte Moderna - Colecção Berardo (SMAM-CB), Portugal
05-05-2005 ~ 09-10-2005

Fernando Lemos e o Surrealismo - Colecção Berardo
Centro das Artes Casa das Mudas, Calheta, Madeira, Portugal
08-07-2006 ~ 31-01-2007

Berardo Museum Opening
Museu Colecção Berardo, Portugal
25-06-2007 ~ 24-08-2008

De Miró à Warhol. La Collection Berardo à Paris
Musée du Luxembourg, France
16-10-2008 ~ 22-02-2009

Art in France 1860-1960: Realism
MASP - Museu de Arte de São Paulo, Brazil
15-05-2009 ~ 30-06-2009

Art in France 1860-1960: Realism, Porto Alegre
MARGS, MUSEU DE ARTE DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL ADO MALAGOLI, Brazil
13-07-2009 ~ 30-08-2009

Sous la Dictée de L’image
Museu Colecção Berardo, Portugal
01-03-2010 ~ 26-05-2010

Tudo o que é Sólido
Museu Colecção Berardo, Portugal
07-06-2010 ~ 12-09-2010


Bibliography

100 European Paintings and Drawings from the Collection of Mr. And Mrs. Leigh B. Block, 1967

Colecção Berardo Collection 1917-1999, 2000
Published by CCB - Centro Cultural de Belém
ISBN 972817652X

Collection Berardo, Oeuvres Choisies du 20e Siècle, 2001
Published by Musée des Beaux Arts de Lyon
ISBN 2711843319

Erich Kahn - Forgotten Generation Jewish Survivor German Expressionist , 2005
Published by Sintra Museu de Arte Moderna - Colecção Berardo
ISBN 9729903018

Fernando Lemos and Surrealism , 2005
Published by Sintra Museu de Arte Moderna - Colecção Berardo
ISBN 9729903026

Fernando Lemos e o Surrealismo – Colecção Berardo, 2006
Published by Centro das Artes - Casa das Mudas
ISBN 9728902034

Max Ernst, 1961
Published by The Art Institute of Chicago

Max Ernst, Werke 1925-1929, 1987
Published by S. & G. Metken

O Surrealismo na Colecção Berardo - Estranho Desenho, 2003
Published by Palácio da Galeria, Câmara Municipal de Tavira
ISBN 9728705050

O Surrealismo na Colecção Berardo - Estranho Desenho, 2001
Published by Sintra Museu de Arte Moderna - Colecção Berardo
ISBN 9729742847







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